Most complex motor skills involve interacting with objects in the environment. Our results indicate that the EMG space similarity feedback promotes acquiring expert-like muscle activation patterns, suggesting that it may assist in the acquisition of complex motor skills. Additionally, subjects in the real feedback group produced muscle activations that became increasingly consistent with an important muscle synergy found in the expert. However, subjects in the real feedback group were able to improve in the EMG space similarity score to a significantly greater extent than the null feedback group. Subjects in both groups were able to increase smoothness throughout the training sessions, with no significant differences between groups. Subjects participated in five training sessions on different days, and we evaluated their performance on each day. The real and null feedback groups received veridic and no EMG space similarity feedback, respectively. We separated learners into real feedback and null feedback groups to assess the effects of the EMG space similarity feedback. Therefore, we defined performance in the task as the smoothness of the object at the end of a trial. The goal of the virtual task was to smoothen the surface of a virtual object. We measured the expert’s and learner’s EMG from eight muscles in each arm during the real and virtual polishing tasks, respectively. We tested the EMG space similarity feedback in a virtual bimanual polishing task that uses a robotic system to simulate the dynamics of a real polishing operation. The EMG space similarity feedback is a score that reflects how well a set of muscle synergies extracted from the expert can reconstruct the learner’s EMG when performing the task. Here, we propose the electromyography (EMG) space similarity feedback, which may indirectly convey kinematic and kinetic feedback by comparing the muscle activations of the learner and an expert in the task. However, many skills require mastering not only kinematic, but also complex kinetic patterns, for which feedback is harder to convey. Verbal instructions and visual aids can be effective in providing feedback about the kinematics of the desired movements. 2School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, JapanĪugmented feedback provided by a coach or augmented reality system can facilitate the acquisition of a motor skill.1Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.Barradas 1, Woorim Cho 2 and Yasuharu Koike 1*
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